Friday, November 25, 2016
Monday, November 14, 2016
Plant Of animal Cell
Functions
of the main organelles of plant and animal cells. We will be familiar with some
cell organelles, visible under an electron microscope. (a) Cell wall: Cell wall
is the unique and outstanding feature of a plant cell. It is composed of inert
materials. Chemical composition of a wall is much complex. Cellulose,
nitrocellulose, lining, tenpin, submariner are the chemical components of a plant
cell wall. But, bacterial cell wall is composed of protein and lipid. The
primary cell wall is single layered. Secondary cell wall gradually develops
through the compilation of different chemical substances secreted from protoplasm on the middle flagellum. At
the time of development of secondary cell wall, some cavities are formed and
they are celled pits. Cell wall protects a cell from all external injuries. It
gives a cell its rigidity. Cell wall retains the shape and size of a cell. For
exchanging materials with the adjacent cell, plainclothesman are formed in a cell
wall. Cell wall controls the movement of water and minerals. There is no cell
wall around an animal cell. (b) Plasma lemma: The double layered membrane
around the protoplasm of a cell is called cell membrane or plasma lemma. In a
plant cell, cell membrane is attached with the cell wall from the inner side of
the cell. the double layered membrane are called micro villi . It is mainly
composed of lipids and proteins. For its being selectively permeable, the
membrane can control the movement of water and minerals though the process of
osmosis, and separates a cell from its neighboring cells.
Type of cell
Type of cell: On the basis of the organisation of
nucleus, cells can be divided into two type - prokaryotic cell and Eukaryota
cell. (a) A prokaryotic: A prokaryotic cell does not contain any true nucleus.
This is why it is called a cell with a primitive type of nucleus. The term
nucleotide fits nice in this case. This are dispersed in its cytoplasm. Though
the cell organelles such as mitochondria, plastics, cytoplasmic reticulated etc.
are not found in a prokaryotic cells,chromosome are present in it. Only the unwrapped
DNA constitutes the chromosomal structure of a prokaryotic cell. For example ,
blue green algae and bacteria are constituted of this type of cell. (b) In the
of cell, nucleus is well structured that means nuclear materials are well
organised and surrounded by a nuclear membrane. Chromosomes are organised with
DNA , hi stone protein and other components. From algae to higher flowering
plants and from Amoeba to advanced animals, other cell organelles are present
in the cell. On the basis of function,there are two other types of cells:
somatic cell and gametic cell. i. Somatic cell: This type of cell takes part in
the organisms of the body of an organism. The cell divides through the process
of binary fission and mitotic division. Organisms grow in this way. Moreover,
cells take part in the organisation of different organs and organ systems. ii.
Gametic cell: Ga metal cells are produced in which sexual reproduction and
alternation of inspirations occur. Primordial germ cells divide through meiotic
division and produce gametic cells. In a gametic cell, number of chromosome
becomes half than that of its somatic type. A new living body is commenced
after the fusion of male and female gametes. Half life fuses with another half
life to produce a full life . Zygote is the first cell produced after the union
of male and female gametic cells. Zygote under goes repeated mitotic division
to organised a body of an organism.
Plastics
Centrosome
Centro some: They are found in most animal cells, but they are
rarely found in the cells of some lower plants. The centrifuges in a centro some
develop astral ray, thus they play a significant role in constructing spindle
apparatus. They also take part in forming different types of flagellum, and are
mainly found in animal cells. Cell vacuole: Large vacuole is prime feature of a
plant cell. Its main function is to contain cell sap. Different types of
substances such as inorganic slat, protein, carbohydrate, fat, organic acid,
pigment, water etc. are found in a cell vacuole. No vacuole is generally found
in any animal cell. If present in any animal cell, it usually is much smaller.
Lysosomes: Lysosomes break down waste materials in a cell. The strong enzymes
within them help do this task. Moreover, it protects cells by engulfing unexpectedly
invaded microorganisms, viruses and bacteria. The membrane around lysosomes
protects the rest of the cell from degradation enzymes within lysosomes. They
are found in animal cells. Nucleus: The nucleus is a membrane bound prominent
organelle found in the Eukaryota cells. It is roughly round or spherical in
structure. Mature sieve cells and red blood cells lack nucleus. A nucleus
houses the heredity information in it, and controls all the activities of a
cell. A well structured nucleus has the following parts. The membrane that
encloses the nucleus is called nuclear membrane, there are some channels called
nucleolus. Substances get in and out of a nucleus through the pores. The
membrane separates the contents of a nucleus from cytoplasm. Neoplasm: The
jell-like fluid enveloped by nuclear membrane is called neoplasm. It is
similar to the cytoplasm of a cell. The
viscous fluid contains to the cytoplasm of a cell. The viscous fluid contains
nucleic acids, proteins, enzymes and some other substances dissolved in and
mixed with it.
Centripetal
Centripetal: Centripetal is a hollow cylindrical structure
composed of nine triplets of micro tubules, fibers of protein, and found in an
animal cell. A centro some harbors centrifuges closer to the nucleus of a cell.
It is composed of two UN-overlapped centrifuges surrounded by cytoplasm
condensed with a mass of protein. They are usually absent in the cells of higher
plants and most fungi. At the time of the division of a nucleus in an animal
cell, their main function is to organize astral rays. Worrisome: Chromosomes are
found in all living cells. It lacks membrane around it, and is the place of the
occurrence of protein synthesis. The bondage in polypeptide chains of protein
is carried out by worrisome. Moreover, they provide enzymes needed for the cell.
Golgi body: Golgi body is found within cytoplasm of both plant and animal
cells. It is composed of stacks of membrane-bound structure known as cistern
and vesicles. Hydrolysis of different enzymes takes place in its membrane. It
involves in the secretion of some hormones and some other different substances
in a living cell. It plays some important soles in many metabolic activities.
Something, Golgi body stores protein. Cytoplasmic curriculum: Chromosomes are
studded with the cytoplasmic side of rough cytoplasmic curriculum, and so
preteens are synthesized in these sites. Membrane bound vesicles from
cytoplasmic curriculum shuttle proteins and other materials produced in a cell.
Sometimes cytoplasmic curriculum is stretched up to cytoplasmic membrane, and
thus it is guessed that enzymes towards other cells and other substances proceed
inside the cell are transported by the cytoplasmic curriculum. They also play a
significant role in the development of mitochondria, vacuole etc. in a cell.
Cytoplasmic curriculum is found in both the plant and animal cells.
Roles of Different Cells
Roles of different cells in conducting nerve, muscles, blood,
skin and bones in human body: Animal tissue call is the structural and
functional unit of organisms. Functions of unicellular or multi cellular animals
are performed in different ways. From the very appearance of the ancient world
till today species of phylum protozoa performs their biological functions, such
as: taking of food, growth and reproduction by the single cell. In
multi cellular animals there are differences and variations in cells. In human
body there are different types of cells which are engaged in different
activities which as nerve cells spread within the human body and forms a net
work. These cells are to receive stimuli and send it to the brain and again,
sends off motor impulses from the brain to the definite organ. Both nerve cells
in the ear and eye help in vision and hearing. Due to the lack of different
kinds of nerve cells most of the animals
can see only at day time some at night. Muscle cells are used in writing,
walking and movement. Three kinds of blood cells are engaged in different
activities. Red blood corpuscles absorbs oxygen from lung and transports oxygen
by the heart to different cell’s of the body though arteries and capillaries.
While blood corpuscles prevents from disease. Platelets are responsible for
starting the process of blood clotting. As a result bleeding is stopped from
the wound. Besides making body covering integument cells performs different
functions according to its location. Hair grows from the integument cells of
the head. Sweat secretes from the sweat gland in particular space. Bone cell
constitutes bone with deposition of minerals or cartilage and makes structure
and supports the body. Bone cells are very much important to build structure,
shape, growth of the bones etc.
Top Biology Undergraduate Programs
Trencherman: The presence of trencherman cells is seen in
almost every part of a plant. The cells of this type are living, diametrical,
thin walled and turgid with protoplasm. Inter cellular space is found in
trencherman cells. The cells are thin walled, and the walls are composed of
cellulose. When chloroplasts are present in this type of calls, they are called
chlorophyll. The trencherman cells with
air filled spaces are called hierarchy, that usually found in aquatic plants.
The main functions of trencherman cells are to organize the body or body parts
of plants to produce, conduct and store food. Malevolence: Malevolence tissues
are the special type of cells. The walls of the cells become thicker with the compilation of cellulose and
pectin. Their walls are irregularly thickened with some corners. The cells are
elongated, living and are filled with protoplasm. Inter cellular spaces lay be
present in them. The borders of the cells may be triangular, slim or oblique. Their main
functions are to produce food and provide the plant or plant parts with the
mechanical support, rigidity. They are found in the veins and petioles of
leaves. This kind of tissue provides rigidity to the young and supple stems,
for example, the stems of Gourd ( Curability Sp ) and Lucas (Lucas
Indianapolis ). Clergyman: The cells of this tissue are hard,much elongated
with thick walls. The tissue composed of cells with the thickening of walls
with lining for providing mechanical support and is called trencherman.
Though, in early stage of their development, the trencherman. Though, in early
stage of their development, the trencherman cells are alive, soon they become
dead losing the living protoplasm when they get mature. The main functions of
trencherman tissue are to provide the mechanical support and rigidity and to
conduct water and minerals. There are two types of trencherman cells, namely
fibers and riderless.
Complex Tissue
human biology majors
Animal: They are Eukaryota and multi cellular animals. Their cells
posses non-living cell wall wall, plastic and vacuole in them. Because of
having no plastic in their cells, they are phototropism, and so they depend on
other organisms for their food. After ingestion, their digest their food. They
have advanced and complex type of tissue systems. Sexual reproduction is
their usual way of reproduction. Haploid
gametes are usually produced in in the reproductive organs of mature and
diploid male and female. Embryonic layers are developed at the time of their embryonic development. Example: The entire invertebrate ( except protozoa ) and
vertebrate animals. Thomas Caviar-smith from Oxford University divided the
kingdom protagonist of living world into two groups, and renamed the kingdom
Monera as the kingdom of Bacteria in 2014. In this way, he grouped the living
world into six kingdoms. you will learn more about it at your higher level of
education.Taxonomic rank: In classifying the organisms, some units or ranks are
used in taxonomy. The largest classification rank is kingdom, and the smallest
classification rank is species. Kingdom, Phylum/Division, Class, Order, Family,
Genus, Species. In modern classifications, the ranks are divided into
sub-groups as the necessity demands. The scientific name of an organism is
constituted with two parts. The first part of the name denotes the genus to
which the species belongs; the second part identifies the species within the
genus. The scientific name of potato is Solarium tuberose denote the genus and species name of potato respectively.
Book of Science
human biology major
About four
million of different plant species and thirteen million of animal species have
been named and described till today. The number is not yet final because the
description of more and more new species is being added to it almost every day. It is assumed that the
number will reach a crore in future when the description of all the organisms
will be ended. A large number of organisms of needed to be grouped
systematically for the convenience to know, understand and learn them. many
years back natural scientists felt the necessity to classify living world
following a natural system. From this very necessity, a distinct branch of
biology,taxonomy had emerged. the aim of classification is only one to know the
vast and diverse living world accurately and classify them with little effort
in a short period of time. The contribution of Swedish botanist, physician and
zoologist Carol us Linnaeus (1707-1778) in the field of taxonomy is more worth
mentioning. In 1735 at the age of 28, he took his doctoral degree in medicine
at the university of Hardwired, and in 1741 he was appointed professor of
Medicine at Upscale University . Though he was first responsible for
medicine-related matters, soon he changed his position with the other professor
of medicine to become responsible for the Botanical Garden, botany and natural
history instead. He thoroughly reconstructed and expended the Botanical
Gender. It was main field of his intense interest to classify organisms from his
botanical and zoological observations that he assembled from his many
expeditions. He classified living world into two kingdoms- plant and animal.
Applied Biology
Applied
biology: Applied subjects related to life are included in this category, and
some of them are mentioned below: Paleontology: science of the prehistoric life
forms and fossils; Bio statistics: Science of statistics of organisms; Parapsychology:
Science related to parasitism, life process of fish harvesting of fish,
management and conservation of fish assets; Fisheries: Science dealing with
fish, harvesting of fish ,management and conservation of fish assets;
Entomology: Science related to the study of life, merit , demerit, and control
of insects the losses caused by them; Microbiology: Science related to virus, bacteria,
fungi and its utilities; Agriculture: Science concerning agriculture; Medical
science: Science related to human life, disease, treatment etc.; Genetic
engineering: Science associated with gene technology and its utilizes; Soil
science: Science related to soil, soil structure and soil environment ;
Biochemistry: Science connected to biochemical process and diseases of
organisms; Environmental Science: science related to environment; Oceanography:
Science related to ocean and its resources; Forestry: Science related to
forest, management and conservation of its resources; Biotechnology: Science
associated with the technology of utilizing of organisms for the benefit of
mankind; Pharmacy: Science dealing with technology and industry of medicine;
Wildlife: Science related to wild animals; Bioinformatics; Biological
information based on computer technology, information on the analysis of
cancer, for example.
graduate programs for biology majors
Molecular Biology Degree
Concept of
Biology: In generally find two types of object, nonliving thing and living
organisms. The characteristics of nonliving things are usually discussed in physics
and chemistry. Biology is a branch of scientific knowledge concerning life and
characteristics of organisms. It is one of the oldest branches of natural
science. Its background was even created before the origin of life on the
earth, and you will learn more about it at your higher classes. By studying
biology, one can acquire interesting knowledge of different plants and animals
and human life. In the realm of living creation, the presence of life in a
living cell is remarkable. This is why a good command of biology plays an
important role in knowing more about the different part and organ structure of
organisms, different chemical activities in them, their adaptation with their environment,
their intake of nutrition and reproduction. The rules of a cells or cells in
all steps of life are indisputable. Science has a great contribution in our everyday
activities and developing our experience. For our living survival, the
fundamental base of biology is inherent in the components of our environment.
At the time of walking, our muscles conduct our legs, our nerves move our
muscles and the blood circulation in our muscles provides them with oxygen, nutrition
and strength. A single celled organism also survives in the same way using
oxygen, nutrition and energy. For the maintenance of biological existence, all
living organisms require oxygen and energy. An animal derives this energy for
food produced by plants themselves and another sources. Biology is one off the
fundamental branches of science. The biology is derived from the Greek word Bio,
bloc, life and the suffix-logic, "study of” .Greek philosopher Aristotle
(384BC - 322BC) is called the father of biology. Biology is the branch of
science concerned the study of life and living organisms, including their
structure, function, growth, reproduction, classification, origin and
evolution.
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